Hours after his inauguration on Monday, Trump told reporters he may implement a 25 percent levy on all Canadian and Mexican imports starting February 1. He had previously promised to sign documents imposing the duties first day of his new term.
Trade experts note that while Trump may make good on his threat, the posturing could be a way for Washington to gain an upper hand ahead of a 2026 deadline to review the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA).
“What’s going to happen here is, it’s just going to create a lot of pressure on the parties to come back to the negotiating table,” said Kathleen Claussen, a law professor at Georgetown University.
Trump inked USMCA in 2020, during his first term. As recently as last year he called it “the best trade deal” ever made.
But on the 2024 campaign trail and since winning the November election, he has taken aim at North American trade, insisting the United States is getting a bad deal.
Mexico’s auto industry has been a target, with Trump threatening 200 percent tariffs on its vehicle imports.
For Canada, Trump’s recent main gripe has been a trade deficit.
“We’re not going to have that anymore,” he told leaders at the World Economic Forum this week.
The United States imposing 25 percent tariffs on Canadian and Mexican imports would be “equally incompatible” with USMCA and World Trade Organization rules, said Columbia Law School professor Petros Mavroidis.
“No one can unilaterally raise duties that have been capped unless there is a good reason to do so,” he told AFP.
When Trump initially made the tariff threat after winning the election, he said the duties were necessary to force Canada and Mexico to stem the flow of migrants and illegal narcotics like fentanyl into the United States.
Canada has countered that less than one percent of undocumented migrants and fentanyl that enters the United States comes through its northern border.
Mavroidis said that under existing trade rules, Washington would have to prove its case on drugs, for example, before retaliatory measures could be justified.
Trade deficits are likely Trump’s primary target, Mavroidis added, noting that China and the European Union — which also have notable trade gaps with the United States — have also faced tariff threats.
“In my view, he does what he does because he firmly believes that through tariffs he will reduce trade deficits and will claim victory to the American people,” said Mavroidis.
Arturo Sarukhan, a former Mexican ambassador to the United States, said Trump may be trying to get ahead of a USMCA review in July 2026.
“I think that he’s trying to force not a review, but a renegotiation,” Sarukhan said.
Rather than reopening the full agreement, Sarukhan believes Trump has the rules on auto parts and vehicles in his sights.
North America’s automobile industry is highly integrated, with vehicle parts crossing borders between the three countries several times during the manufacturing process.
